HistoryApril 2, 2018
Sara Ginaite-Rubinson Dies
On this day, April 2, 2018, Sara Ginaite-Rubinson, a Kovno ghetto survivor, Jewish partisan, and historian, died in Canada at 94.
Topic · Living archive
Holocaust
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HistoryJuly 2, 2016
Elie Wiesel Dies
On this day, July 2, 2016, Elie Wiesel, the author of Night and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, died in New York at 87.
HistoryFebruary 19, 2016
Samuel Willenberg Dies
On this day, February 19, 2016, Samuel Willenberg, a survivor of Treblinka and of its 1943 revolt, died in Israel at 93.
HistorySeptember 20, 2005
Simon Wiesenthal Dies
On this day, September 20, 2005, Simon Wiesenthal died in Vienna. A survivor of several camps, he spent the postwar decades documenting fugitive Nazi criminals.
HistoryJuly 13, 2000
Jan Karski Dies
On this day, July 13, 2000, Jan Karski died in Washington. The Polish courier had carried eyewitness reports of the Warsaw ghetto and the murder of Polish Jews to Allied governments.
HistoryFebruary 16, 1987
Demjanjuk Trial Opens in Jerusalem
On this day, February 16, 1987, John Demjanjuk’s trial opened in Jerusalem. Prosecutors charged that he was the Treblinka guard known as Ivan the Terrible. That identification was later overturned.
HistoryOctober 9, 1974
Oskar Schindler Dies
On this day, October 9, 1974, Oskar Schindler died in Hildesheim. Yad Vashem named him Righteous Among the Nations in 1993.
HistoryDecember 20, 1963
The Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial Opens
On this day, December 20, 1963, the first large Frankfurt trial of Auschwitz personnel opened. Twenty-two defendants were in the dock.
Historynight of 31 May–1 June 1962
Israel Hangs Adolf Eichmann
Adolf Eichmann was hanged at Ramla Prison on the night of May 31–June 1, 1962, after President Yitzhak Ben-Zvi refused clemency.
HistoryDecember 15, 1961
Eichmann Is Sentenced to Death
On this day, December 15, 1961, an Israeli court sentenced Adolf Eichmann to death in Jerusalem. The verdict had been read on December 11.
HistoryMay 11, 1960
Mossad Captures Adolf Eichmann in Argentina
On this day, May 11, 1960, Israeli agents captured Adolf Eichmann near Buenos Aires. He was tried in Jerusalem in 1961 and hanged in 1962.
HistorySeptember 10, 1952
Israel and West Germany Sign the Luxembourg Agreement
On this day, September 10, 1952, Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany signed the Luxembourg reparations agreement. It entered into force on 27 March 1953.
HistoryJune 1951
Oswald Pohl Is Hanged
Oswald Pohl, head of the SS Economic and Administrative Main Office, was hanged at Landsberg Prison in June 1951. Reports assign that one nighttime execution to 7 June or to 8 June.
HistoryJuly 5, 1950
Knesset Passes the Law of Return
On this day, July 5, 1950, the Knesset passed the Law of Return, stating that every Jew has the right to come to Israel as an oleh.
HistoryMay 14, 1948
Israel Declares Independence
On May 14, 1948, David Ben-Gurion read the Declaration of Independence at the Tel Aviv Museum, eight hours before the British Mandate ended.
Historyc. July 17, 1947
Soviet Authorities Claim Raoul Wallenberg Died
Soviet authorities later said Raoul Wallenberg died in Moscow’s Lubyanka prison on July 17, 1947. His fate has never been independently established.
HistoryJuly 11, 1947
Exodus 1947 Sails from Sète
On this day, July 11, 1947, the former President Warfield left Sète, France, carrying more than 4,500 Jewish displaced persons toward Mandatory Palestine.
HistoryMarch 5, 1947
Nuremberg Justice Trial Opens
On this day, March 5, 1947, the United States opened the Justice Case in Nuremberg against German judges and prosecutors.
HistoryNovember 5, 1945
Anti-Jewish Riots Break Out in Tripoli, Libya
On this day, November 5, 1945, anti-Jewish riots broke out in Tripoli. Over three days, about 120 Jews were killed in the city and nearby towns.
HistoryMay 5, 1945
U.S. Troops Liberate Mauthausen
On this day, May 5, 1945, a U.S. Army reconnaissance unit reached Mauthausen. Larger Third Army units arrived in the following days.
History29–30 April 1945
Soviet Forces Liberate Ravensbrück
Soviet forces liberated Ravensbrück on 29–30 April 1945. Remaining SS guards fled on the 29th; the Red Army vanguard arrived on the 30th.
HistoryApril 29, 1945
US Liberates Dachau
On April 29, 1945, American troops liberated the Dachau concentration camp, freeing approximately 32,000 prisoners after twelve years of Nazi imprisonment, forced labor, medical experimentation, and mass death.
HistoryApril 26, 1945
SS Begins Death Marches from Dachau
On this day, April 26, 1945, the SS began forcing prisoners from Dachau and its subcamps on death marches south toward the Alps, three days before U.S. troops reached the main camp.
HistoryApril 15, 1945
British Troops Liberate Bergen-Belsen
On this day, April 15, 1945, British troops entered Bergen-Belsen and found tens of thousands of prisoners, many dying of typhus and starvation.
HistoryApril 11, 1945
U.S. Troops Liberate Buchenwald
On this day, April 11, 1945, U.S. troops reached Buchenwald after prisoners seized control of the camp as the SS fled.
HistoryFebruary 13, 1945
Soviet Forces Liberate Gross-Rosen
On this day, February 13, 1945, Soviet forces liberated the main Gross-Rosen concentration camp after the SS had evacuated most prisoners.
HistoryJanuary 27, 1945
Soviet Troops Liberate Auschwitz
On this day, January 27, 1945, Soviet troops entered the Auschwitz camp complex and found about 7,000 remaining prisoners.
HistoryJanuary 26, 1945
Abba Berdichev Is Executed
On this day, January 26, 1945, the Nazis murdered Yishuv paratrooper Abba Berdichev at Mauthausen after capturing him in Slovakia.
HistoryJanuary 19, 1945
Soviet Troops Enter Łódź
On this day, January 19, 1945, the Red Army entered Łódź. About 800 Jews who had hidden in the former ghetto were liberated.
HistoryJanuary 18, 1945
SS Begins Evacuating Auschwitz
On this day, January 18, 1945, the SS began evacuating prisoners from the Auschwitz camp complex on death marches as Soviet forces approached.
History17–18 January 1945
Soviet Troops Liberate the Budapest Ghetto
On 17–18 January 1945, Soviet troops liberated the Pest ghetto. Tens of thousands of Jews were still inside. Buda fell a month later.
HistoryNovember 7, 1944
Hannah Szenes Is Executed
On this day, November 7, 1944, Hannah Szenes was executed by firing squad in Budapest. She was 23.
HistoryOctober 7, 1944
Sonderkommando Revolt at Auschwitz-Birkenau
On this day, October 7, 1944, Jewish Sonderkommando prisoners at Auschwitz-Birkenau attacked SS guards and set fire to Crematorium IV.
HistoryAugust 11, 1944
Joop Westerweel Is Murdered at Vught
On this day, August 11, 1944, German authorities executed Joop Westerweel at Vught for helping Jews escape Nazi deportation.
HistoryMay 15, 1944
Mass Deportations of Hungarian Jews Begin
On this day, May 15, 1944, German and Hungarian authorities began systematic deportations of Jews from Hungary. About 437,000 people were deported by July 9.
HistoryApril 11, 1944
A Transport from Athens Reaches Auschwitz
On 11 April 1944, Jews deported from Athens on transport no. 20 reached Auschwitz.
HistoryNovember 3, 1943–November 4, 1943
Operation Harvest Festival
On 3–4 November 1943, SS and police units murdered about 42,000 Jewish prisoners in the Lublin district during Operation Harvest Festival.
HistoryOctober 14, 1943
Prisoners Revolt at Sobibor
On this day, October 14, 1943, prisoners at Sobibor killed members of the SS staff and about 300 broke out of the camp.
History1–2 October 1943
German Police Begin Arresting Danish Jews
On the night of October 1–2, 1943, German police began arresting Jews in Denmark. Most escaped to Sweden after being warned.
HistoryAugust 16, 1943
Białystok Ghetto Uprising Begins
On this day, August 16, 1943, Jewish fighters in the Białystok ghetto rose as German forces began the final liquidation. The revolt was the second-largest ghetto uprising after Warsaw.
HistoryAugust 2, 1943
Prisoners Revolt at Treblinka
On this day, August 2, 1943, Jewish prisoners at the Treblinka killing center seized weapons and tried to break out. USHMM records that more than 300 escaped; German forces later recaptured and killed about two-thirds of them.
HistoryAugust 1, 1943
The Final Liquidation of the Będzin Ghetto Begins
On 1 August 1943, German forces began the final liquidation of the Będzin ghetto. Armed resistance slowed the clearance.
HistoryMay 16, 1943
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Ends
On this day, May 16, 1943, Jürgen Stroop reported that the Warsaw Jewish quarter was no more and had the Great Synagogue on Tłomackie Street blown up.
HistoryMay 8, 1943
Mordechai Anielewicz Is Killed
On this day, May 8, 1943, German forces seized the ŻOB bunker at 18 Miła Street. Mordechai Anielewicz died there during the Warsaw ghetto uprising.
HistoryApril 24, 1943
Rabbi Menachem Ziemba Is Killed
On this day, April 24, 1943, Rabbi Menachem Ziemba was shot in the Warsaw ghetto while fleeing a fire during the uprising.
HistoryApril 19, 1943
Bermuda Conference on Refugees Opens
On this day, April 19, 1943, British and American delegates opened a closed conference in Bermuda on wartime refugees. It produced no rescue program.
HistoryApril 19, 1943
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Begins
On this day, April 19, 1943, the first night of Passover, Jewish fighters in the Warsaw ghetto opened fire as German forces entered for the final deportation.
HistoryApril 19, 1943
Belgian Resistance Stops the Twentieth Convoy
On this day, April 19, 1943, three Belgian resistance fighters stopped a deportation train from Mechelen to Auschwitz, the only such attack on a convoy.
HistoryFebruary 18, 1943
Japan Designates a Restricted Zone in Shanghai
On this day, February 18, 1943, Japanese authorities in occupied Shanghai ordered stateless refugees, most of them Jews, into a designated area of Hongkou.
HistoryFebruary 9, 1943
Zofia Yamaika Dies Covering a Partisan Retreat
On this day, February 9, 1943, Zofia Yamaika was killed near Radom while covering her partisan unit’s retreat from a German attack.
HistoryJanuary 10, 1943
The Kopernik Camp in Mińsk Mazowiecki Is Liquidated
On 10 January 1943, German forces began liquidating the Kopernik labor camp in Mińsk Mazowiecki.
HistoryNovember 16, 1942
Joseph Schmidt Dies
On this day, November 16, 1942, the tenor Joseph Schmidt died near the Girenbad internment camp in Switzerland. He was 38.
HistoryJuly 22, 1942
Warsaw Ghetto Grossaktion Begins
On this day, July 22, 1942, German SS and police began mass deportations from the Warsaw ghetto to Treblinka. About 265,000 Jews were deported by September.
History13–14 July 1942
Nazis Liquidate the Rivne Ghetto
On 13–14 July 1942, German SS and Ukrainian police cleared the remaining Rivne ghetto. About 5,000 Jews were taken to the forest near Kostopil and shot.
HistoryJune 7, 1942
Jews in Occupied France Must Wear the Yellow Star
On this day, June 7, 1942, a German decree took effect requiring Jews in occupied France, aged six and older, to wear a yellow star marked Juif.
HistoryMay 21, 1942
First Roundup Begins in the Chełm Ghetto
On this day, May 21, 1942, the eve of Shavuot, the first roundup of Jews in the Chełm ghetto began. The Aktion lasted through May 23.
HistoryMarch 17, 1942
Deportations from Lublin to Bełżec Begin
On this day, March 17, 1942, German authorities began mass deportations from the Lublin ghetto to the Bełżec killing center.
HistoryFebruary 12, 1942
Avraham Stern Is Killed
On this day, February 12, 1942, British police shot Avraham Stern, founder of Lehi, in a Tel Aviv apartment. The circumstances of the shooting remain disputed.
HistoryJanuary 20, 1942
Wannsee Conference
On this day, January 20, 1942, Reinhard Heydrich chaired a meeting at a villa on the Wannsee in Berlin to coordinate the already-decided mass murder of European Jews.
HistoryDecember 27, 1941–January 7, 1942
The Kharkiv Ghetto Is Liquidated
From 27 December 1941 to 7 January 1942, the Kharkiv ghetto was emptied and its people were killed at Drobytsky Yar.
HistoryDecember 11, 1941
Hitler Declares War on the United States
On this day, December 11, 1941, Germany declared war on the United States, four days after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
HistoryDecember 8, 1941
Killing Operations Begin at Chełmno
On this day, December 8, 1941, the SS and police murdered the first transport of Jews at Chełmno in gas vans.
HistoryDecember 8, 1941–December 9, 1941
German and Latvian Forces Murder Jews at Rumbula
On 8–9 December 1941, German SS and police and Latvian auxiliaries carried out the second mass shooting of Riga Jews at Rumbula.
HistoryOctober 1941
Himmler Assigns Globocnik the Murder of the General Government’s Jews
In October 1941, Heinrich Himmler assigned Odilo Globocnik to murder the Jews of the General Government, the program later called Operation Reinhard.
HistoryOctober 22, 1941–October 26, 1941
A Bombing in Odessa Becomes the Pretext for a Massacre
From 22 to 26 October 1941, after a bomb destroyed Romanian headquarters in Odessa, Romanian forces killed at least 25,000 to 30,000 Jews.
HistorySeptember 29, 1941–September 30, 1941
Massacre at Babi Yar
On 29–30 September 1941, German SS and police units murdered 33,771 Jews at the Babi Yar ravine outside Kyiv.
HistorySeptember 6, 1941
Nazis Establish the Vilna Ghetto
On this day, September 6, 1941, German authorities forced Vilna’s remaining Jews into two ghettos in the old Jewish quarter.
HistoryAugust 1941
Romania Orders Jews to Wear the Yellow Star
In August 1941, Mihai Antonescu ordered Jews in Romania to wear the yellow star. The order was revoked on 9 September 1941.
History26–28 August 1941
Massacre at Kamianets-Podilskyi
On 26–28 August 1941, SS and police units under Friedrich Jeckeln murdered 23,600 Jews near Kamianets-Podilskyi. More than half were deportees from Hungary.
HistoryAugust 20, 1941
Drancy Internment Camp Opens
On this day, August 20, 1941, French police interned thousands of Jewish men arrested in Paris at Drancy, opening the camp that later became the main transit point for deportations from France.
HistoryAugust 1, 1941
Bialystok Ghetto Is Sealed
On this day, August 1, 1941, German authorities confined about 50,000 Jews in the Bialystok ghetto.
HistoryJuly 1941
Nazis Establish the Minsk Ghetto
In late July 1941, German authorities established a ghetto in Minsk. About 80,000 Jews, including people from nearby towns, were crowded into the northwestern quarter.
HistoryJune 22, 1941
Germany Invades the Soviet Union
On this day, June 22, 1941, Germany launched Operation Barbarossa. More than three million German soldiers, with allied troops, attacked across a front from the Baltic to the Black Sea.
HistoryMay 14, 1941
Green Ticket Roundup Arrests Foreign Jews in Paris
On this day, May 14, 1941, French police arrested 3,710 foreign Jewish men in Paris who answered green-ticket summonses and sent them to camps in the Loiret.
HistoryApril 6, 1941
Germany Invades Yugoslavia and Greece
On this day, April 6, 1941, German forces invaded Yugoslavia and Greece. Occupation and the destruction of Jewish communities followed; those later crimes are not dated here as a single day.
HistoryFebruary 25, 1941–February 26, 1941
The February Strike Shuts Down Amsterdam
On 25 and 26 February 1941, Amsterdam stopped work to protest the German roundup of Jews.
History21–23 January 1941
Bucharest Pogrom Begins
On 21–23 January 1941, during the Legionary rebellion against Ion Antonescu, Iron Guard members murdered more than 120 Jews in Bucharest.
HistoryAugust 15, 1940
Eichmann Issues a Madagascar Plan Memorandum
On this day, August 15, 1940, Adolf Eichmann’s office issued a Madagascar Project memorandum calling for the forced resettlement of millions of European Jews on the island.
HistoryJuly 1940
Nazis Establish the Będzin Ghetto
In July 1940, German authorities announced a ghetto for Jews in Będzin. The quarter was not sealed at once. German forces liquidated it in August 1943.
HistoryApril 30, 1940
Nazis Seal the Łódź Ghetto
On this day, April 30, 1940, German authorities sealed the Łódź ghetto. About 160,000 Jews were already confined there.
HistoryFebruary 8, 1940
Order Establishes the Łódź Ghetto
On this day, February 8, 1940, German authorities in Łódź ordered Jews into a ghetto. The ghetto was sealed on May 1.
HistoryNovember 23, 1939
Hans Frank Orders Jews in the General Government to Wear Armbands
On this day, November 23, 1939, Hans Frank ordered Jews in the General Government over the age of ten to wear a white armband with a blue Star of David.
HistoryOctober 8, 1939
Nazis Establish the Piotrków Ghetto
On this day, October 8, 1939, German authorities ordered a ghetto in Piotrków Trybunalski, the first ghetto in occupied Poland.
HistorySeptember 1, 1939
Germany Invades Poland
On this day, September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Britain and France declared war on September 3.
Historyafter November 1938
Jewish Refugees Begin Reaching Shanghai after Kristallnacht
After November 1938, Jewish refugees from Germany and Austria began reaching Shanghai in large numbers. The movement followed Kristallnacht and is not dated as a single landing day.
HistoryNovember 12, 1938
Göring Imposes an Atonement Fine after the November Pogrom
On this day, November 12, 1938, Hermann Göring imposed a one-billion-Reichsmark fine on German Jews after the November pogrom.
HistoryNovember 9, 1938–November 10, 1938
The November Pogrom
On the night of 9–10 November 1938, Nazi leaders unleashed the November pogrom, known as Kristallnacht, across Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland.
HistoryOctober 27, 1938
Germany Orders the Expulsion of Polish Jews
On this day, October 27, 1938, the Reich Security Main Office ordered the arrest of Jews with Polish passports. About 17,000 were expelled over the next two days.
HistorySeptember 29, 1938–September 30, 1938
The Munich Agreement Is Signed
During the night of September 29, 1938, Germany, Britain, France, and Italy signed the Munich Agreement. Czechoslovakia was not a party.
HistoryAugust 20, 1938
Vienna Central Office for Jewish Emigration Opens
On this day, August 20, 1938, the Central Office for Jewish Emigration opened in Vienna. It became the model for later forced-emigration and deportation offices.
HistoryAugust 8, 1938
First Prisoners Arrive at Mauthausen
On this day, August 8, 1938, the SS transferred the first prisoners from Dachau to Mauthausen and forced them to build the camp.
HistoryJuly 6, 1938
Evian Conference Opens
On this day, July 6, 1938, delegates from 32 countries opened the Evian Conference. Most refused to take more Jewish refugees. Only the Dominican Republic offered to accept additional arrivals.
HistoryMay 29, 1938
Hungary Adopts the First Jewish Law
On this day, May 29, 1938, Hungary promulgated Act XV, the First Jewish Law, capping Jews at 20 percent of specified professions and firms.
HistoryMarch 13, 1938
Germany Annexes Austria
On this day, March 13, 1938, Germany annexed Austria, one day after German troops entered the country.
HistoryFebruary 4, 1938
Hitler Takes Direct Command of the Wehrmacht
On this day, February 4, 1938, Adolf Hitler dismissed the war minister and army commander and created the High Command of the Armed Forces under his personal authority.
HistoryJuly 15, 1937
Buchenwald Concentration Camp Opens
On this day, July 15, 1937, the SS opened Buchenwald near Weimar. The first prisoners arrived that day from Sachsenhausen.
HistoryJuly 12, 1936
Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp Opens
On this day, July 12, 1936, the SS transferred 50 prisoners from Esterwegen to begin building Sachsenhausen, the principal camp for the Berlin area.
HistoryDecember 10, 1934
Himmler Establishes the Inspectorate of Concentration Camps
On this day, December 10, 1934, Heinrich Himmler established the Inspectorate of Concentration Camps under Theodor Eicke.
HistoryAugust 19, 1934
German Referendum Approves Hitler as Führer
On this day, August 19, 1934, a German referendum approved Adolf Hitler’s combination of the offices of president and chancellor under the title Führer.
HistoryMay 10, 1933
Nazi Student Groups Burn Books Across Germany
On this day, May 10, 1933, pro-Nazi university students burned books they called “un-German,” including works by Jewish, pacifist, and leftist authors.
HistoryApril 26, 1933
Göring Establishes the Prussian Gestapo
On this day, April 26, 1933, Hermann Göring promulgated the Prussian law creating the Secret State Police Office, later known as the Gestapo.
HistoryApril 7, 1933
Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service
On this day, April 7, 1933, the German government issued the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, excluding most Jews from state employment.
HistoryApril 1, 1933
Nazis Boycott Jewish Businesses in Germany
On this day, April 1, 1933, Nazi stormtroopers stood outside Jewish-owned shops across Germany in a one-day national boycott.
HistoryJanuary 30, 1933
Hitler Is Appointed Chancellor of Germany
On this day, January 30, 1933, President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler chancellor of Germany.
History1923
Salamo Arouch Is Born
Salamo Arouch, later forced to box at Auschwitz, was born in Thessaloniki in 1923. The exact day is not confirmed.
HistoryDecember 11, 1922
Frank Blaichman Is Born
On this day, December 11, 1922, Frank Blaichman was born in Kamionka, Poland. He later commanded a Jewish partisan unit.
HistoryNovember 28, 1919
Faye Schulman Is Born
On this day, November 28, 1919, Faye Schulman was born in Lenin. She later photographed Jewish partisan life in Eastern Europe.
HistoryAugust 24, 1919
Tosia Altman Is Born
On this day, August 24, 1919, Tosia Altman was born in Lipno. She later served as a Hashomer Hatzair courier during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Some records give 1918.
History1918
Yoel Palgi Is Born
Yoel Palgi, born Emil Nussbacher in Cluj, was born in 1918. Biographical records do not agree on the day.
HistoryDecember 28, 1918
Eta Wrobel Is Born
On this day, December 28, 1918, Eta Wrobel was born in Łuków, Poland. She later helped lead a Jewish partisan unit.
HistoryMarch 14, 1918
Abba Kovner Is Born
On this day, March 14, 1918, Abba Kovner was born in Sevastopol. He later led resistance in the Vilna ghetto and testified at the Eichmann trial.
HistoryDecember 13, 1915
Yitzhak Zuckerman Is Born
On this day, December 13, 1915, Yitzhak Zuckerman, known as Antek, was born in Vilna. He later helped lead the Warsaw ghetto uprising.
History1913
Avraham Sutzkever Is Born
Avraham Sutzkever, the Yiddish poet, was born in 1913. He died in Tel Aviv on 20 January 2010.
History1910
Henryk Ross Is Born
Henryk Ross, later an official photographer in the Łódź ghetto who also made a secret record of ghetto life, was born in Warsaw in 1910. The exact day is not confirmed.
HistoryAugust 29, 1910
Georges Loinger Is Born
On this day, August 29, 1910, Georges Loinger was born in Strasbourg. He later helped about 350 Jewish children escape from occupied France into Switzerland.
HistoryDecember 31, 1908
Simon Wiesenthal Is Born
On this day, December 31, 1908, Simon Wiesenthal was born in Buczacz. After surviving Mauthausen he spent decades documenting Nazi crimes.
HistoryAugust 3, 1902
Regina Jonas Is Born
On this day, August 3, 1902, Regina Jonas was born in Berlin. In 1935 she became the first woman known to have been ordained as a rabbi.
HistoryJuly 22, 1878
Janusz Korczak Is Born
On this day, July 22, 1878, Henryk Goldszmit, later Janusz Korczak, was born in Warsaw. He directed an orphanage and was deported with the children to Treblinka in 1942.